THE BEATLES THE WHITE ALBUM NUMBERED COMPLETE VINYL EX+

	£		103
	$		136

Thank you for visiting my listing. The section immediately below sets out information specific to the particular album / record offered in this listing. This is followed by my general comments about vinyl which you may want to browse through if you have time. Please feel free to email me with any related comments or observations; particularly if you have any reliable information which contradicts any of my descriptions as I am always interested in adding to my knowledge on this subject. When preparing my listings I use a combination of facts from reliable sources, more than forty years of personal experience and, occasionally, music industry anecdotes. Just a visual inspection of used vinyls is almost always misleading so I play grade every vinyl I offer, before listing, on a Project III deck fitted with an Ortofon OM 5E cartridge down-force set at 17.5 mN (1.75 g), fitted with a first grade stylus which I renew at intervals according to manufacturers specification, through a manufacturers pre-set Rega Brio amplifier with sound delivered by Focal Chorus 706 loudspeakers, which is unforgiving where there are surface imperfections. If I think a vinyl will benefit from professional cleaning I use my ‘Moth’ RCM2, but I do not clean vinyls for the sake of it - many I offer for sale have had little use and although there can be slight contamination in the grooves, even when new, that is the original authentic sound. I believe in cleaning only when my ‘ear’ tells me that the audio performance has deteriorated by exposure over time and will obviously be returned closer to the original sound by cleaning. Although it is extremely rare, there can be a difference between my descriptions, and opinions, and an individual buyer’s expectations so I have a clearly stated Returns Policy for added reassurance which is detailed at the bottom of all my listings. In the unlikely event that you want to use this facility please read the details carefully first, and then contact me to agree the procedure. There really will never be a reason to have any problem with an item you purchase from me. Before bidding please take a careful look through my terms and conditions to avoid any misunderstandings.

First Issues, First Pressings & Originals: Please note that when I refer to a First Issue I mean that the evidence suggests that the album offered is from the first batch that was issued for commercial release in the country of origin stated in the listing. Where I state First Press I mean that based on a reasonable interpretation of the matrices and stamper codes the vinyl comes from the first batch pressed using that particular master disc; these statements alone do not always mean that the vinyl is from the very first master ever made. However, where I state First Issue and First Press it is likely that the album offered is one of the earliest produced in the country of origin from the first master or masters. Original means that the record bears the first label design for that particular pressing and, in the case of the cover, it is from the first cover manufacturer for that pressing; it may have very slight changes, if they were made within the first production run or, if the album was issued with a choice of cover designs or colours on first release, but in these cases I will try and explain the differences. This is not an exact science and anomalies will occur where I may make a mistake but I believe this will not happen very often - if it does then all of my buyers have the unequivocal reassurance of my Comprehensive Returns Policy.

Album / Record Title: THE BEATLES aka THE WHITE ALBUM No. 0505639

Rarity: Not one of the earliest numbered copies but that apart this album has a lot of sound claims to RARITY - not least the fact that it has TWO OF THE BEST LOOKING VINYLS I HAVE EVER SEEN ON ANY EXAMPLE OF THIS ALBUM DELIVERING THE BEST AUDIO I HAVE HEARD FROM A STEREO FORMAT VARIANT - EVEN THE DIFFICULT TRACKS ‘LONG, LONG, LONG’, ‘MOTHER NATURES SON’, ‘DEAR PRUDENCE’ & ‘I WILL’ play with the minimum of underlying surface sound - VERY RARE with this album as most copies you find have been played so much that even if they were played on good quality equipment - which many were not - they still suffer from significant groove wear; this one has the least that you could reasonably expect. Otherwise in general terms it would be difficult to claim any great rarity for the best selling album from the most popular, successful and best selling group of writers, musicians and recording artistes of all time, but there are a number of factors and features which justify UK pressed and numbered copies of THE WHITE ALBUM being described as VERY RARE. The outer cover designed by pop artist Richard Hamilton was a spoof on ‘limited editions’, being plain white and numbered - subsequently and ironically becoming one of the ‘largest limited editions’ ever produced. Having said that this is not one of the earliest examples it is, in relative terms, an early issue as there were about 100,000+ produced per week of production and this one, at 0505639, was probably produced during the first month. All of the numbered copies with the key first issue characteristics, described below, and which have survived in EXCELLENT CONDITION - which are relatively few - have become highly collectible. There are said to have been about 5,000,000 numbered copies produced worldwide, and 30,000,000 sold in total - so this is anyway an EARLY FIRST PRESSING in terms of the overall production. This one is even RARER because it is a GENUINE COMPLETE UK ORIGINAL all components and inserts are those which have been WITH IT FROM NEW. Many of these White Album sets have been ‘doctored’, ‘planted’, ‘made up’, call it what you like but what it means is that where parts are missing, or are in poor condition, sellers have swapped, changed or inserted replacements, often of a later manufacture and/or lesser grade, to make up ‘complete sets’. NOT with this one - one owner from new and all ABSOLUTELY ORIGINAL. In summary the outer Gatefold Cover is the original ‘stereo’ TOP LOADER by GARROD & LOFTHOUSE International; it is the heavier thick card only found on the first albums, and more often with the MONO versions, which have a tendency to ‘yellow’ as this one has done - slightly. The title THE BEATLES is EMBOSSED under the laminate, as it should be, on the bottom right quadrant of the front cover above the LIMITED EDITION NUMBER, in this case No. 0505639 - which is also lightly EMBOSSED under the laminate. The UK ORIGINAL G & L gatefold cover has fold over edges to the inner, it is FULLY LAMINATED and printed back top right ‘stereo’. The INNER SLEEVES are BLACK single side die cut with one circular ‘window’ at the front and closed at the back. Both HEAVY VINYLS are in the ORIGINAL STEREO format, machine stamped in the vinyl run off areas with FIRST PRESS MATRICES AND STAMPERS. The original dark green labels with apple white on the reverse have the ‘Sold in U. K.’ text and other text consistent with first pressing, and second label variant which has EMI credits (the earlier label omitted the EMI credit) - please see photographs. The INSERTS are all present and correct - all FOUR PHOTOGRAPHS (each 20 x 29 cms or about 8 x 11.5 inches) on the original THICK PHOTO CARD - not the later thin card - and it even has the original plain PROTECTIVE SHEET for the open side - usually missing; and the large PHOTO-MONTAGE with LYRIC SHEET on the back (size 57 x 87 cms or about 22.5 x 33.5 inches).

THIS IS A COMPLETE GENUINE RARE ORIGINAL AND IS A REMARKABLE OPPORTUNITY TO BUY AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THE MOST HIGHLY COLLECTIBLE VINYL ALBUMS - AND IT IS WORTH REPEATING THAT THE AUDIO QUALITY IS A REAL STAND OUT FEATURE OF THIS REMARKABLE ALBUM.

Artiste(s): THE BEATLES

Disc Format: 2 X 12” LP’s

Recording Format: STEREO

Record label: ORIGINAL APPLE DARK GREEN / APPLE WHITE, ‘orange peel’ texturing with ‘Sold in U.K.’ text, ‘Mfd. In U.K.’ text, ‘All Rights’ text and EMI credit (please see photographs - due to gallery limitation I have only shown two labels but all four are of equal condition and I can mail extra photographs on request)

Catalogue Number: PCS 7067 & PCS 7068

Country of manufacture and first published date: Mfd. In U.K. 1968

Vinyl ‘run off’ matrices Record 1 side 1:     YEX 709-1

Vinyl ‘run off’ matrices Record 1 side 2:     YEX 710-1

Vinyl ‘run off’ matrices Record 2 side 3:     YEX 711-1

Vinyl ‘run off’ matrices Record 2 side 4:     YEX 712-1

Vinyl ‘run off’ stampers Record 1 side 1:    3   TT

Vinyl ‘run off’ stampers Record 1 side 2:    7   GOH

Vinyl ‘run off’ stampers Record 2 side 3:    4   GAO

Vinyl ‘run off’ stampers Record 2 side 4:    1   GDP

Track Listing as per cover: RECORD 1 - SIDE 1: BACK IN THE U.S.S.R. / DEAR PRUDENCE / GLASS ONION / OB-LA-DI, OB-LA-DA / WILD HONEY PIE / THE CONTINUING STORY OF BUNGALOW BILL / WHILE MY GUITAR GENTLY WEEPS / HAPPINESS IS A WARM GUN / SIDE 2: MARTHA MY DEAR / I’M SO TIRED / PIGGIES / ROCKY RACOON / DON’T PASS ME BY / WHY DON’T WE DO IT IN THE ROAD / I WILL / JULIA / RECORD 2 - SIDE 3: BIRTHDAY / YER BLUES / MOTHER NATURE’S SON / EVERYBODY’S GOT SOMETHING TO HIDE EXCEPT FOR ME AND MY MONKEY / SEXY SADIE / HELTER SKELTER / LONG LONG LONG / SIDE 4: REVOLUTION 1 / HONEY PIE / SAVOY TRUFFLE / CRY BABY CRY / REVOLUTION 9 / GOOD NIGHT

My opinion & summary of condition: The ninth Beatles album released at the height of their popularity worldwide; it became their best seller and the ninth best selling album of all time in the U.S.A. where it went platinum nineteen times, a supreme classic in every way which excited a generation and stands the test of time. In many ways it is a definitive and classic example of how some of the best creative endeavours benefit from adversity. This was anecdotally an unhappy Beatles project, one of the engineers walked out, as did Ringo at one point - George plays drums on ‘Back In The U.S.S.R.’ - Yoko was present throughout which apparently caused discontent, and most of the individuals involved recorded in separate rooms. There were numerous guest performances - none of which are credited anywhere on the album. However, in hindsight all of The Beatles refer to it as one of their best albums with John Lennon singling it out as containing some of his best work. It is a showcase of their individual talents, but ultimately, as always, a superb blend of their combination - John’s hard edged lyrics, Paul’s ballads and heavy metal on Helter Skelter, George’s superb guitar work, oriental influence and Eric Clapton’s guest performance on ‘While My Guitar Gently Weeps’ and Ringo unbeatable, as ever, on drums and with his track contribution ‘Don’t Pass Me By. The beauty of this particular example is that it is a lovely, complete and genuine original, not quite mint, the cover shows reasonable wear, but close to it in audio terms. One of the all time great albums and it is becoming increasingly difficult to find a complete good quality example where all components are original - there are plenty of bad ones about - in more ways than one. This one is really honest; it has been used, and shows signs of reasonable signs of wear over time, but it has not been abused and the wear is not excessive, not damaging and not a spoiler. The VINYLS which are usually the hardest components to find in EXCELLENT TO + CONDITION ARE A REAL STAND OUT FEATURE BOTH VISUALLY & AURALLY, and are two of the best originals I have ever seen or heard.

MY GRADING OF THIS ALBUM (based on Record Collector ‘Rare Record Price Guide 2008’)

Vinyl Visual Record 1 side 1: EXCELLENT to+, a few light, superficial surface movement lines and one which is more noticeable, but nothing which causes interference with play.

Vinyl Visual Record 1 side 2: EXCELLENT to+, a few light, superficial surface movement lines and one which is more noticeable, but nothing which causes interference with play.

Vinyl Visual Record 2 side 3: EXCELLENT+, a few light, superficial surface movement lines, but nothing which cause interference with play.

Vinyl Visual Record 2 side 4: EXCELLENT+, a few light, superficial surface movement lines, but nothing which cause interference with play.

Label Visual Record 1 side 1: EXCELLENT+ a few light spindle lines which but otherwise no marks, no tears, no scuffs, no visible spindle hole wear or deformation.

Label Visual Record 1 side 2: EXCELLENT+ a few light spindle lines which but otherwise no marks, no tears, no scuffs, no visible spindle hole wear or deformation.

Label Visual Record 2 side 3: EXCELLENT+ a few light spindle lines which but otherwise no marks, no tears, no scuffs, no visible spindle hole wear or deformation.

Label Visual Record 2 side 4: EXCELLENT+ a few light spindle lines which but otherwise no marks, no tears, no scuffs, no visible spindle hole wear or deformation.

Outer Cover: VERY GOOD+, and the only reason I am not grading this as excellent is due to the slight deterioration on the shoulders with the spine. The original classic fully laminated double gatefold top loader with fold-over flaps to the centre, Printed and made in Great Britain by Garrod and Lofthouse International Ltd. Please note this is the original ‘stereo’ gatefold matching the set with the format clearly printed under the laminate back cover top right corner, not a mono ‘switch’. I would also grade it higher based on its excellent physical condition but I grade by comparison with new and this white, heavy duty, card ages like a top quality antique with unavoidable light discolouration and slight yellowing. Many buyers regard this as a valuable characteristic, and it is another way of identifying the originals from the later re-issues which are made from thinner card and usually stay white. There are some small and light surface creases, not very noticeable, and a tiny amount of edge and corner rubbing, a bump on the back top left corner. There are also light rubbings front and rear, a bit of spotting and some light rub marks but none of this is significant. There are a few tiny dents at the entry edges. All in all this is a physically complete, highly presentable genuine and authentic original, with just a few flaws caused by wear with careful handling in use over time. Please take a look at the super-sized photographs and make your own assessment.

Spine: VERY GOOD, the least attractive feature of the album but better than it looks in the photograph which tends to compress and highlight the discolouration. It has the usual fold line down the centre caused by opening and closing during the last 39 years, this has also caused the laminate to split but there is no separation of the laminate. The fact that the laminate has split has allowed browning to take place as you can see. It may well clean up but it doesn’t bother me and I would be happy with what is genuine ageing. Physically it is in good shape and just about readable.

Inner Sleeves: VERY GOOD+ close to excellent original black single side die cut paper inners with the front round window and closed back, small amount of creasing and a few tiny tears at the flip-backs, one from the centre window - but it’s small.

Photograph Inserts: EXCELLENT, all four originals ON THE THICKER PHOTO CARD are still with this album and in near new condition. ALSO PRESENT IS THE USUALLY MISSING PAPER PROTECTOR - slight lowering of grade due to a small horizontal scratch in Ringo’s hair and some tiny surface creases which you can hardly see.

Poster Insert: VERY GOOD+ or better, ‘lipstick’ original with some short seam separation through opening and closing at the points where the folds cross, very tiny and may be because it has been stored folded and unused for 39 years - please see super-sized photographs and make your own assessment.

Vinyl Warp: none visible when eye tested on a moving turntable.

Vinyl Weight: 150 & 148 grammes (two admirable APPLE heavyweights)

Play Grade: EXCELLENT to +

Audio Performance: DURING THE LAST 39 YEARS I HAVE LISTENED TO HUNDREDS OF VARIANTS OF THIS ALBUM AND I CANNOT RECALL ANY WHICH SOUND BETTER THAN THIS - THESE VINYLS ARE SIMPLY SENSATIONAL. AS USUAL WITH VINYL THERE IS A LITTLE UNDERLYING SURFACE SOUND BUT IN THIS CASE IT IS VERY LITTLE AND EVEN ON ‘LONG LONG LONG’, ‘MOTHER NATURE’, ‘I WILL’ & DEAR PRUDENCE I HARDLY NOTICED IT. AS REGULAR VISITORS TO MY LISTINGS WILL KNOW I ALWAYS SAY PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS SECTION AND THE GRADING IS BASED ENTIRELY ON MY PERSONAL OPINION AND AUDIO PERCEPTION BELONGS TO THE INDIVIDUAL. WITH VINYL CLARITY THERE IS ALWAYS LIGHT TRANSITIONAL SURFACE SOUND WHICH IS INEVITABLE FROM THIS MEDIUM, EVEN WHEN NEW, AND OCCASIONALLY A LITTLE LIGHT CRACKLE WHICH IS OFTEN STATIC; OR EVEN A RANDOM SOFT TICK - BUT I THOROUGHLY ENJOYED THIS - REAL SOUND FROM VINYL - ABSOLUTELY CRYSTAL CLEAR, THE BEATLES AT THEIR BRILLIANT BEST, THESE ARE BRILLIANT & HIGHLY ENJOYABLE VINYLS WHICH PLAY FLUENTLY AND WILL DELIGHT MOST, OR PERHAPS EVEN ALL, LISTENERS - MY HIGHEST POSSIBLE AUDIO RECOMMENDATION FOR THIS ALBUM.

Other: There are lots of variants of this album offered for sale on a regular basis, but to find a superb genuine original full set of this calibre with such incredibly excellent vinyls delivering sensational audio - the like of which you will not come across very often - is extremely rare.

PLEASE TAKE A LOOK AT MY OTHER LISTINGS BY CLICKING ON THE ‘VIEW SELLERS OTHER ITEMS’ IN THE TOP RIGHT HAND CORNER BOX OF THIS LISTING - THANK YOU.

My definition of a rare vinyl: Generally there is agreement that to qualify for the description rare there should not be too many of the type offered, available on the market at the time. With my listings that will be the main criterion however I will also occasionally claim rarity based on excellence of condition, or some other key feature, or an accompanying item such as an insert, which is not often found with similar vinyls.

UK first and early pressings: This has become something of a ‘fashion accessory’ for many of the albums listed on eBay and, as with fashion, there are many imitators. Of course with the more popular huge selling albums, where the record companies were fairly sure of major sales from the outset, there were many first pressings but otherwise this was not usually the case. Generally the lower the numbers in the matrices and stamper codes on the vinyl ‘run off’ areas, on both sides of a record, the earlier the pressing therefore ‘A1’ & ‘B1’ are most often first or early pressings, but there are variants and exceptions to the rule. The most notable ones, for example where the ‘1’ matrix was only used for test pressings so the commercial releases started at ‘2’, are well documented now but there are a few more observations which are worth noting. There are low numbered matrices which belong to second and even third pressings (in these cases the record companies gave similar numbers to the first press of a re-issue) you can normally identify these by, examining the labels which are often different in texture and/or design, and by checking the weight of the record as the earlier pressings were normally heavier. This weight difference can also be indicative where different symbols were used in the matrices. For example some record companies first denoted early pressings with A61 & B61 and then soon after changed to A // 1 & B // 1, in these cases weight of the vinyl is often very helpful with identification. Occasionally there are high numbers on first pressings, but this is unusual. Other points to note are the manufacturer of the ‘cover’ or ‘outer sleeve’ and various characteristics or design variants. The ‘inner sleeve’ or ‘bag’ can also be an indicator. However it is not wise to rely on details beyond the matrices and labels as the covers and sleeves can easily be interchanged. ‘Made Up’, Swapped’ or ‘Doctored’ sets are not uncommon, particularly with high value albums which have inserts and special text, so the best advice is to try and make sure that everything matches the criteria thus eliminating most of the risk (a good look at the photographs on the listing, if they are of the actual item offered as they are on all of my listings, is always advisable). As a general rule I suggest that you don’t pay hundred’s or thousands of pounds unless you are buying from a reliable source who provide you with comprehensive information and have a clearly stated ‘Returns Policy’ - or unless you’ve got money to throw away (and in that case there are any number of far more deserving charities)

Audio reproduction on vinyl: In my experience there is always an element of surface or background sound with audio reproduction on vinyl, even when new - very hard to imagine how there could not be when two solid surfaces come into contact with each other and are then amplified! In my opinion anybody who claims there is no surface sound, or ‘silence’, is hard of hearing, has not turned the amplifier on, or is using very poor quality audio equipment. Almost all used vinyl has at least light surface scratches which are always visible when viewed under a bright halogen light - which is what I use for inspection. So if you are uncomfortable with a bit of light crackling it’s probably best not to buy vinyl. In my opinion the light surface sound is more than compensated for by the clarity and ‘reality’ of the overall sound reproduction. I listen carefully to every album I list, before listing it for sale.

Finally: All of this comment contained in this listing is subjective, it is based only on my opinion and your expectations may not necessarily correspond with my standards. If you receive an album from me and you have some differences please remember to use reasonable communication as a first option. I have a comprehensive non confrontational ‘Returns Policy’ which is clearly set out below and providing there is no abuse, or use the negative feedback system, I will always reimburse you in full for your direct costs if you return the album correctly.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE

DESCRIPTIONS: Are given in good faith, but they are based on my opinion and standards.  Bidders should note that they offer at their own risk and must satisfy themselves that they have sufficient information about the item before they enter the bidding process.  Please ask questions before you become involved with the auction, NOT afterwards! Where I list sizes/dimensions they are either as stated on the item/label by the supplier/manufacturer or reasonably accurately hand tape measured; however, they are not necessarily precise, should be taken as approximate and not relied upon where absolute precision is required. This clause does not in any way affect your rights under the terms of my ‘Returns Policy’, it is stated to prevent unnecessary inconvenience to both parties.

INFORMATION: Whilst I take care to try and provide accurate information on the original listing it is possible that new information may become available to me afterwards. I therefore strongly recommend that all bidders read any revisions and the ongoing questions / answers section of the listing before bidding as they may contain updated information which could affect your valuation of the item(s). In the event that new information is published, after the time you have become the high bidder, which adversely affects your valuation of the item(s) and you wish to withdraw from the bidding process please email your request and I will use the cancel bid option with no ongoing liability to any of the parties involved in the auction.

PHOTOGRAPHS: All photographs contained within this listing show the actual item (s) offered – they are not catalogue, archive or library photographs.  Furthermore they are direct images and not re-touched or modified in any way. I try to make good and comprehensive use of images on the listing in order to give the prospective bidder the best opportunity to evaluate the item(s); however it is possible that in some circumstances the photographs can enhance the appearance of the item(s) due to compression so please take this into account before bidding and do not hesitate to ask for more images or information which I am happy to send by attachment to email. This is particularly recommended with overseas buyers where returns are often not a viable option.  

OVERSEAS BUYERS WELCOME: I am pleased to deal with buyers from anywhere in the world. My method of LP packaging reduces the risk to your valuable vinyls & covers in transit. Makes no sense to me to buy something important and then play the ‘high risk of damage game’ when having it shipped around the world – I hope you feel the same. Unless the prospective bidder / buyer states a preference I always quote Airmail as Surface Mail does not usually cost much less and takes a long time (again more risk of damage or loss I think). Also please note that for British Pounds £3.30 extra you can have an International Signed for service which includes insurance up to £32. Insurance quotations to a value you specify in advance of shipping are available on request.

PACKING & POSTAGE:  Vinyl’s are removed from covers and placed in separate transit sleeves. All components are then placed side by side in a polythene inner for extra safety and water resistance and then secured between two corrugated card stiffeners. I use Heavy Duty Mailers Specifically Designed for Vinyl Albums, which provide excellent security and protection, in conjunction with my own Ultra Safe reinforced sealing and packaging method. Internally I use 2 of the highest grade ‘B’ flute corrugated card stiffeners to prevent bending, deformation or edge/corner creasing. Packing & postage prices are NOT negotiable on items dispatched individually or separately. However, if you are a similar time multiple buyer where all items purchased are being sent to the same address and they can be combined safely, you can ask for a discounted quotation before bidding. I will always try to be fair with buyers on p&p costs but if you do not want to pay the prices on the listings or quotations please do not bid.  I am not interested in hearing from successful bidders afterwards questioning and complaining about cost of packing and postage! I always keep proof of posting but unless you pay for Recorded Delivery, International Signed For, Special Delivery or Full Insurance I may not be able to assist you with recovery of the item or any of the costs.

Where postal insurance is included it is subject to Royal Mail Standard Terms & Conditions. Quotations for other insurance or premiums to cover increased values are available on request

PAYMENT: For Buyers WITHIN the UK: PayPal, or Pound sterling cheques / money orders, with minimum 7 days to clear before despatch.

PAYMENT: For Buyers OUTSIDE of the UK: Payments by PayPal only please.

CANCELLATION: The Seller reserves the right to cancel any bid, entirely at his discretion and without giving prior notice, in the following circumstances:

They have reason to believe that the bidder has not complied with the terms of their offer as set out on the listing.

The bidder’s feedback is of such limited quantity that it cannot be regarded as reliable.

The bidder’s feedback is of dubious quality and/or gives the seller any indication or reason to doubt the credibility of the bid.

MY FEEDBACK POLICY: I leave feedback for buyers after they inform me that they have received the item(s) and have left me their feedback. As I have a clearly stated Returns Policy, which does not expose the buyer to any direct loss whatsoever, I see no reason for either side to indulge in negative feedback. Providing the buyer does not engage in threats, abuse or use of negative feedback I will resolve any problem in a fair and reasonable way. If you have a problem or complaint about any transaction you have made with me contact me on somemightsell_e@btinternet.com and we will find a solution that is acceptable to you.

SUPERSIZED PHOTOGRAPHS: I have super-sized the photographs below to provide prospective bidders with the best opportunity to make their valuation before entering the bidding process, please just click on the ‘Larger Picture’ and arrows to use this facility. Sometimes due to reflection these images can appear slightly distorted, ‘graining’ can appear and dust particles can be exaggerated by the light - in reality there are no defects of this kind.